Introducción
Las cosmogonías y las cosmovisiones representan el pensamiento más sofisticado de la mente humana y de los pueblos de la Tierra. Desde tiempos inmemoriales los pueblos, a través de sus líderes, sabios y chamanes, desarrollaron una ciencia sagrada o cosmología para explicar el origen de todo y encontrar una respuesta a los buenos y malos tiempos.
Para efectos de esta conceptualización, consideraremos que la humanidad se inicia con el género Homo hace varios millones de años. Con la aparición de las primeras culturas humanas, las cosmogonías siempre han sido la guía directriz de todo pueblo, nación, civilización o imperio. Esta ciencia, era, y todavía es, utilizada como parte de rituales sagrados que marcan el devenir personal y comunitario.
Cosmología: definición
Es la ciencia que estudia la historia, la estructura y el funcionamiento del Universo en su totalidad, tanto en los aspectos de Gran-cosmos como del Micro-cosmos. La cosmología, como ciencia sagrada, nació con la misma humanidad. Durante los últimos millones de años, los humanos han desarrollado la cosmología en forma de mitos, ritos y ceremonias sagradas. La cosmología física moderna es un infante en cuanto a conocimiento. Ha nacido alrededor del 1700 con la hipótesis que las estrellas de la Vía Láctea, pertenecen a un sistema estelar de forma discoidal, del cual el propio Sol forma parte; y que otros cuerpos nebulosos visibles con el telescopio son sistemas estelares similares a la Vía Láctea, pero muy lejanos.
Cosmogonía
La cosmogonía siempre se mantuvo como una faceta de la cosmología. Una faceta en la que el mito ejerce un papel central. «La cosmogonía es un relato del origen del cosmos y su posterior evolución. Todas las religiones poseen un cosmogonía que se puede identificar con un proceso de creación o emanación. Mitos y leyendas conforman historias en donde los dioses se cruzan en disputas y conflictos que finalmente concluyen en la creación del universo. Este tipo de relatos son originarios de las primeras civilizaciones y pueden rastrearse en la mitología sumeria y egipcia, y otras más recientes cronológicamente, como las nórdicas o las amerindia».
La cosmogonía establece un marco para la realidad, ayudando a construir activamente la percepción del universo (espacio y movimiento), de su origen, de los creadores, de la humanidad y de los elementos naturales. A su vez, permite apreciar la necesidad del ser humano de concebir un orden físico y espiritual, que permita conocer el devenir personal y comunitario, conjurando el caos y la incertidumbre.
En plena edad moderna, los ideólogos europeos separan la cosmogonía de la cosmología, establecidas mediante mitos, rituales y el estudio de la ciencia sagrada. Para occidente, la cosmología se mantiene como el estudio del cosmos desde el punto de vista físico. Se inventa un nuevo término, ‘cosmovisión’, para no abandonar la cultura y las subjetividades de cada persona o pueblo, clasificando su estudio como parte de la ‘metafísica’, o sea más allá de los físico.
Cosmovisión
En el mundo contemporáneo, dentro de los estudios cosmológicos, podremos usar cualquiera de los dos conceptos. Cosmogonía cuando se incluyan los aspectos físicos y espirituales. Y cosmovisión cuando se incluyen los aspectos físicos y metafísicos. La cosmogonía de origen ancestral y chamánico y la cosmovisión de origen judeo-cristiana.
Desde una posición multicultural, las cosmovisiones se pueden clasificar por cultura o por la temática predominante. Ejemplos culturales serían Egipcia, Maya, Mapuche, Huichol, Occidental y otras. De acuerdo al tema central de su ideología pueden ser: filosóficas, míticas, científicas o religiosas. Pero también podrían ser chamánicas, populares, mediática (comercial), personal o moral.
Cosmovisión occidental
Los sistemas filosóficos, religiones o sistemas políticos pueden constituir cosmovisiones, puesto que proveen un marco interpretativo a partir del cual sus adherentes y seguidores elaboran doctrinas intelectuales y éticas. Ejemplos son el judaísmo, el cristianismo, el islam, el socialismo, el marxismo, el cientificismo, el humanismo, el nacionalsocialismo, el nacionalismo o el capitalismo. Las cosmovisiones son complejas y resistentes al cambio; pueden, por lo tanto, integrar elementos divergentes y aún contradictorios. La afirmación intransigente de la propia cosmovisión es el fundamentalismo». (Tomado de: Cosmovisión – Metapedia.)
La clasificación de la cosmovisión occidental la da Wilhelm Dilthey, miembro de la escuela hermenéutica, para el cual existen tres tipos básicos de cosmovision:
- Naturalismo: el ser humano se ve a sí mismo como un ser determinado por la naturaleza. Es representado por epicúreos de todo tiempo y lugar.
- Idealismo subjetivo: se le conoce como idealismo de la libertad y fue representado por Friedrich Schiller e Immanuel Kant. El ser humano es consciente de su separación de la naturaleza debido a su libre albedrío.
- Idealismo objetivo: es representado por GWF Hegel, Baruch Spinoza y Giordano Bruno, en este tipo de cosmovisión, el individuo es consciente de su papel de armonía con la naturaleza». (Ver: Tipos de cosmovisiones.)
Referencias
- [1]D. R. Sánchez, «El concepto de la cosmovisión», p. 15.
- [2]J. L. Lorda, “Las cuatro cosmovisiones actuales,” p. 14.
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