MIS 4: 74 – 62 maAP. Nombre: Younger Toba Tuff (ver Fig.2 de [3])
«The Toba caldera of northern Sumatra is earth’s largest Pleistocene-age volcanic complex. Two of numerous eruptions pro-duced the Oldest Toba Tuff (OTT) and the Youngest Toba Tuff (YTT). New research suggests that OTT represents a total tephra volume of 2,300 cubic km, which is comparable to the better known YTT total volume of 2,800 cubic km. The Australasian Strewnfield and OTT are closely related in time. At ODP site, northwest of Toba, Australasian microtektites and OTT are associated in ash layers D and E. YTT is found in undersea deposits across the Indian Ocean, as well as the Arabian and South China Sea. YTT dates to about 73,500 years +/- 3,000 years or 73,000 years +/- 4,000 years ago. YTT has been implicated in initiating the last glacial cycle due to its coincidence with not only ice buildup during this time, but population bottlenecks of Neanderthals in western Eurasia and Homo sapiens in Africa. However, the arguments are weak. YTT traces have not been identified at ISEA fossil hominin sites. The Middle Solo sites and Liang Bua appear to predate the event and the Callao stratigraphy apparently postdates YTT. Given the present state of knowledge, it seems that across ISEA the YTT event did not generate significant bottlenecks or extinctions among mammalian populations«. [1]
Salida del Homo Sapines s. de África:
«Segunda fase. La aparición del macro-linaje N.
Mapa 3. «Tiempo molecular»: L3+5. Formación del haplogrupo N.
Lo más notable quizá es la formación en este estadio del macro-haplogrupo N, la «hermana pequeña» de M, de inmensa importancia en todo el mundo hoy día. De nuevo, siendo un linaje aislado hay alguna incertidumbre. Cabría especular con que el «tempo» real de N correspondiera más bien al mapa anterior pero los datos objetivos, las mutaciones acumuladas desde la raíz común L3, lo sitúan en éste. Tampoco hay una buena explicación a por qué este linaje y no otros, derivados de M, es el que experimenta la mayor expansión en este «momento», con una estructura en estrella de 16 puntas. Una posibilidad es que tuvieran alguna ventaja tecnocultural de la que los demás grupos carecían, como quizá la domesticación del perro (que seguramente ocurrió en el sudeste asiático, antes del Paleolítico Superior), pero no lo sabemos con ninguna certeza [4]. Otra posibilidad es que se viera favorecido accidentalmente por la explosión del supervolcán Toba (cuya cronología, c. 74 Ka BP, podría bien corresponder con esta fase). Ni siquiera es demasiado seguro que la estrella esté marcada en el lugar correcto, pudiendo ser cualquier sitio entre Benarés y Cantón, según mis cálculos. En cualquier caso N, y particularmente su descendiente R (ver más adelante), es un linaje que cobró muchísima importancia a pesar de la ventaja inicial de su pariente M». [2]
Referencias:
- Early Hominin Biogeography in Island Southeast Asia.
- La expansión de Homo sapiens en Asia y Australasia desde el punto de vista de la genética.
- Early Hominin Biogeography in Island Southeast Asia.
- Una posiblilad es la navegación. Es la época en que se inician las grandes migraciones desde África hasta Australia y América.
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